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-- 作者:hjx_221 -- 发布时间:9/26/2004 10:30:00 AM -- [推荐]英语陷阱(2) 英语陷阱(2) ☆ You cannot be too careful. 你要特别小心。 we cannot recommend this book too strongly. You can't be too careful in doing this experiment. One cannot be too careful in matters like that. 要注意的是,cannot...too 有几个变体结构,我们 可以用impossible, difficult等字去代替cannot;以 enough, difficulty, sufficiently, exaggerate, to over -等字去替代 too。 下面的一些句子就是“cannot...too”结构的变体: I couldn't get home fast enough. You cannot take sufficient care. The importance of this session cannot be exaggerated. No man can have too many friend. L. G. Alexander编著的New Concept English第二 册其中一课“Do You Call That a Hat?”中有这么一段风 趣的夫妻对话,丈夫和妻子都用了这个句型的变体: “I find it beautiful,” I said. “A man can never have too many ties.” ★ Do you know how to service this new-type machine? 在现代英语里,出现了一种用名词作动词的倾向。 例如:to paper one's room; to bottle the fruit; to bandage up a wound; to oil a machine; to position a factory near the town; to pressure him to do so 等等。然而,某些名词作动词使用时,与原有动词的涵义有所不同,上面所述的to service和to serve的区别就是一个典型的例子。试对比下列各组词的不同涵义: to power 为……提供动力 to site 为……提供场所 to package 给……打包装箱(美语) to loan 贷款 to decision 根据积分评定 Tom has his car serviced (=maintained) regularly. 读者们不难从上面的例子看出,用名词作动词可以带来一种新鲜感,能唤起人们的注意并给人们留下一个逼真生动的画面。 此句不能译作:“他是一个好水手”。如要表达此义, 应该说:He is a skilled seaman. He is a good sailor,的真正涵义是:He is not liable to seasickness.或He is seldom seasick in rough weather.因此,a good sailor的内涵是:“不会晕船”。 四十年代出版的一本《英汉四用辞典)把He is a good sailor,译作:“他是好水手”是不妥当的,因为它没 有把这个句子的真正涵义表达出来。 what kind of sailor are you?你晕不晕船? Are you a good sailor? 你会晕船吗? 从上面的例句可看出a bad sailor是a good sailor的相对语,因此,它也不能照字面译作:“一个坏水手”,而应译为:“会晕船”或“容易晕船”。请再看下面几个例句: Lao Li is a bad teacher.(或Lao Li is not much of a teacher.)老李不善于教书。 Hsiao Wang is a good learner. 小王善于学习。 John is a good thief. 约翰的偷窃本领很高明。 从上述例句可以看到,good和bad是表示“能力的大小”和“动作的特征”,是用来指“航海”、“教书”、“学习”、“偷窃”的动作特征,而不是指人的道德品质而言,因 此,a good thief的内涵是someone who thieves well;a good learner的内涵是someone who learns well.其余 可以类推。 英语有句名谚:A bad workman always blames his tools.(自己笨,怪刀钝)句中的bad也不是指workman 的品德不好,而是“笨手笨脚”的涵义。a bad workman 是“能工巧匠”的反语,可译作:“技艺差的工匠”。同理,a bad driver是“驾驶技术拙劣的司机”;a bad nurse是“不称职的护士”。在其他的场合里,“bad”还可能译为:“不胜任的”、“令人不满意的”、“差劲的”。总之,bad和 good的译法必须根据具体的场合和搭记词才能选定。 这一句不能译作:“你现在在侮辱她!”,如要表达此 意,应该说:You are insulting her! 为什么are being insulting会表示“故意侮辱”的涵义呢?在回答这个问题之前,让我们先对比一下下列两句的不同涵义: 从表层的结构看,She is kind的语义是“她是和蔼的”,从深层结构看,is kind是说明主语的特性和品质,其内在涵义是:“她平日待人一向和蔼可亲”。She is being kind的表层语义是:“她现在是和蔼的”,从深层结构看,being表示“目前”或“现在”的短暂涵义,它说明主体有意识进行的一个动作,故其内在涵义为:“她平日待人并不和蔼;现在却故意装出一副和蔼可亲的模样”。在这种句型里,being的意义相当于“故意地”(purposely or intentionally)。 Edgar Snow在A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung一文中有这么一句: The Red Guard had insisted that if you didn't have things around,you were being anti-Mao. 这里的being也是表示“故意”的涵义,为此,现有的中译本把它译作:“红卫兵坚持说,如果你周围没有这些 东西,你就是反毛。” 下面再举几个类例: They are being friendly.他们捏出一副友好的姿态。 Tom is being polite. 汤姆装出一副彬彬有礼的模样。 Mary is being angry with me. 玛丽对我装作发脾气的样子。 Dick is being awkward.狄克故意在找别人的麻烦。 They are being difficult.他们在故意作梗。 He is being naughty, isn't he? 他是在故意捣蛋,是吗? “Mary, you're so pretty today”-“You're just being polite.” “玛丽,你今天真美。”——“你真会说话。” 最后一句的You're just being polite.是回答别人 称赞的用语,相当于It's nice of you to say so,故将其译作:“你真会说话”。 我们通过she is kind. 和She is being kind.的对比, 可以由此及彼,举一反三地想到: 因为She is being good=She is behaving well. 最后还需在此补充一句:表示状态的时候,“be”不能用于进行体。例如,我们不可以说:The Japanese sumo star Akebono is being fat.(只能说……is fat)
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